These walls were largely destroyed in 1033, however, when a major earthquake struck the city. Moriah upon the threshing floor of Araunah. Diana Edelman, who made an in-depth study of Jerusalem in Persian times based on biblical texts, archaeological finds and information on the Persian empire, sees Jerusalem as a birah, a small fortress used by the Persians (Edelman 2005). This would be the largest area the city walls would encompass. He was born in exile and grew to become the Cupbearer of King Artaxerses of the Medo-Persian empire. The walls surrounding the Old City encompass an area of barely a third of a square mile (1 sq. During the First Temple period the city walls were extended to include the northwest hill as well, i.e. I have been to Jerusalem but did not walk the walls. [8][9] The tower as well as the entire city wall were long destroyed by the time the Ottoman Turks built theirs, possibly since 1219 when Ayyubid ruler Al-Mu'azzam Isa razed most of the city fortifications.[9]. He undertook the rebuilding of the temple and the Temple Mount on a massive scale. This would imply the construction of supply and service buildings, a palace for the governor and houses for the inhabitants. An analysis of the pottery from the Persian period found during excavations in Jerusalem shows that there were several potteries that supplied the inhabitants with vessels, including Greek-style vases and thin-walled bowls, both luxury materials (Steiner 2011). This would indicate that rich families still lived in or around Jerusalem in the Persian period. Courtesy Nathan Steinmeyer. Jennie Ebeling --Department of Archaeology and Art History, University of Evansville, Copyright 2000-2023 The Bible and Interpretation| All Rights Reserved |The University of Arizona | Developed bySBS Tech K. A. Ristau, Reconstructing Jerusalem: Persian Period Prophetic Perspectives, University Park, Pa, 2016. Eventually he returns through the Valley Gate. God was with David and allowed him to capture Jerusalem from the Jebusites. Dig into the illuminating world of the Bible with a BAS All-Access membership. Happy Purim! We heard in Nehemiah 1 how Nehemiah inquired about the situation in Jerusalem (verses 2-3), empathized with those who were hurting (verse 4), humbled himself before God (verse 4) & prayed (verses 5-11) expressing adoration to God (v. 5), confessing his nations sin to the Lord (verses 6-7)), & petitioning God for help (verses 8-11). Unfortunately, the Bible texts remain vague on the exact location of these structures. Judah and her capital were mostly in ruins, its population decimated, the economy destroyed. We have all met people whose defenses have . Did Jerusalem become a walled settlement in Persian times, or is that an unlikely notion? Some people might think, our church is fine the way it is, why worry about ten years from now? King David's son, Solomon, enlarged the city northward to include the area of the Temple Mount. This town was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BC, and many of its inhabitants were sent into exile. It was King Artaxerxes I who would have moved the capital of the province from Mitzpa to Jerusalem because the later site was more strategically located and had a better water supply. (Photo Chamberi / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)). Hes not afraid to use words like trouble, ruins, disgrace. No good comes from minimizing the difficulties of a task or situation that lies before us whether it is physical, relational, spiritual, financial, emotional, political or something else. The job is bigger than he first suspected. There is the technical side & the human side. Sometimes its not seeing the difficulties that prevent our taking action; its a failure to see the resources & means to a creative solution. Who first built the walls of Jerusalem? Because Nehemiah sees what others cannot, he issues a call to action. The walls were still in ruin 140 years later when Nehemiah came to Jerusalem. After Jerusalem fell to the Umayyads in 638 C.E., the citys Byzantine walls saw major repairs, and large parts of the Tower of David and the walls around the Temple Mount were constructed. Nehemiah 1:13: Now it happened in the month of Chislev, in the twentieth year, as I was in Susa the citadel, 2 that Hanani, one of my brothers, came with certain men from Judah. Courtesy Nathan Steinmeyer. Stepping out in faith means looking squarely at the problems, knowing the facts, & understanding what has taken place previously, then we look to God & use our God given gifts to come up with solutions & we work for success. These walls were built by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in the sixteenth century, roughly following the course of the walls built by the Romans to encircle Jerusalem in the second century. The excavations of Kathleen Kenyon. Nehemiah begins with a moonlit tour of the walls to assess the damage & the scope of the work to be done. the area where today's Jewish and Armenian Quarter (Jerusalem) Quarters are located. D. Edelman, The Origins of the Second Temple: Persian Imperial Policy and the Rebuilding of Jerusalem, London 2005. Ready to walk around Jerusalems incredible walls yourself? He returns to Jerusalem with a group of exiles and begins rebuilding the wall, meeting opposition along the way. 4, 8, 'The first month, which according to the Macedonians is called Xanthicus, but according to us Nisan.' Its meaning is uncertain; according to some its root-idea is . The answer was given during the July 20th the television program 60 Minutes which included a fascinating segment on the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. . Today, they are revealed in their full height and splendor, after rubble accumulated over centuries was cleared away. However, it is not easy to find out what exactly has been excavated and how biblical texts and archaeological finds relate to each other. Explore this wonder for yourself with this short video tour atop the walls of Jerusalem, led by Biblical Archaeology Review assistant editor Nathan Steinmeyer. Was it a walled town with a central temple, the seat of the governor, a centre of administration, religion and economy? Hezekiah's new wall measured about 22 feet wide (7 m.) by 25 feet high (8 m.). I am aware that this is only indirect evidence. The only animal I took was the animal I rode. Nehemiah decides that the fortifications have to be rebuilt. during the siege led by King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon at the time of King Zedekiah of Judah. ), A. M. L. Steiner, `The City of David as a Palimpsest, in L. Niesioowski-Span and E. Pfoh (eds.). Plan of Jerusalem in the Iron Age. Upon hearing that the wall of Jerusalem was down and destroyed, along with the gates being burned down, Nehemiah cried. Nehemiah 3:1 According to the following report, the rebuilding of the wall started at the middle of the north side and proceeded counterclockwise around the city. Why is a broken-down wall such a big deal? We don't know that Jerusalem was a gubernatorial seat. You're . Looking out over the walls of Jerusalem. Even though he had an important job in the palace of the king, he has given that up to take on a dangerous job in a city that has been ruined by war. Upon hearing that the wall of Jerusalem was down and destroyed, along with the gates being burned down, Nehemiah cried. Answer (1 of 3): We know that there is a period of some thirteen years between the closing scene of Ezra and the prayer of Nehemiah in the first chapter of his book ( compare Ezra 7:8 with Nehemiah 1:1 ; 2:1 ). Then I turned back & entered by the Valley Gate, & so returned. Jerusalem in the Time of Nehemiah Map Rebuilding of the Walls around Jerusalem in the Second Temple period by Nehemiah The entire city of Jerusalem, including the Temple, was destroyed in c. 586 B.C. These walls were built by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in the sixteenth century, roughly following the course of the walls built by the Romans to encircle Jerusalem in the second century. when it was destroyed by the Babylonians who conquered Jerusalem and took much of the population into exile (2 Kings 25:10). In 1033, most of the walls constructed by Eudocia were destroyed by an earthquake. The walls were expanded again under Herod the Great (r. 374 B.C.E. Who destroyed the walls of Jerusalem that Nehemiah rebuilt? ), who carried out lavish building activities throughout Jerusalem and the region, including the construction of the Temple Mount, the site of Herodium, and the port city of Caesarea Maritima. Very interesting. km.). God has provided what is needed to get the job done. NEHEMIAH AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE WALL Jerusalem had been completely destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar army. Since their walls were still broken, their enemies can easily come and destroy them. And I told no one what my God had put into my heart to do for Jerusalem. Reconstruction of one of the Ketef Hinnom tombs. (Courtesy Ancient Jerusalem Project). One of Sultan Suleimans greatest projects was the restoration of the walls of Jerusalem. Were seeking to build our community and to impact many more lives as we add two new full-time pastors. Courtesy Nathan Steinmeyer. See, e,g,, Holman Bible Dictionary, op. He leaves the settlement through the Valley Gate and then rides on his donkey in the direction of the Jackal Well and Dung Gate. Often when we face a challenge, information can be plentiful but motivation is lacking. And David built the city all around from the Millo inward. Its not enough to know what needs to be done; we also need the motivation to make it happen. Perhaps it rather encompasses all the destroyed city gates of Jerusalem, including those around the western hill. The conquest brought some destruction followed by reconstruction, as did the reconquest by Saladin in 1187. Now it happened in the month of Chislev, in the twentieth year, as I was in Susa the citadel, 2 that Hanani, one of my brothers, came with certain men from Judah. Or was it a small undefended settlement in which only the local temple had any significance? The stories as recorded in Nehemiah 3 can therefore not be correct and must date from a later period. Then I said to them, You see the trouble we are in, how Jerusalem lies in ruins with its gates burned. ), M. L. Steiner, `The Palace of David Reconsidered in the Light of Earlier Excavations, op, http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/palace_2468.shtml, The Persian Period City Wall of Jerusalem. [email protected] [email protected] added to the walls of Jerusalem again with the construction of the Third Wall, which was completed shortly before the First Jewish Revolt, during which the walls were almost completely destroyed by the Romans. Further north on the hill Kenyon found a smaller tower with part of a wall that according to her originated from the Persian era. Archaeologist have not been silent either. This is not the last time that happened on a construction job. Nehemiah, also spelled Nehemias, (flourished 5th century bc), Jewish leader who supervised the rebuilding of Jerusalem in the mid-5th century bc after his release from captivity by the Persian king Artaxerxes I.Cyrus II, founder of the Achaemenian dynasty of Persia and conqueror of Babylonia, in 538 bce issued an order allowing exiled Jews to 1 Kings 9:24 Verse Concepts As soon as Pharaoh's daughter came up from the city of David to her house which Solomon had built for her, then he built the Millo. Nehemiah knows there will be opposition so he waits to share what God has put on his heart to do. Come, let us rebuild the wall of Jerusalem, so that we will no longer be a disgrace . ), O. Lipschits, `Persian Period Finds from Jerusalem: Facts and Interpretations.. It's an invitation to all who read it to be inspired by one person's faith and passion to rebuild a community of people. [4] Also in the Amarna letters, it is called Beth-Shalem, the house of Shalem.[5]. Hold up one of the paper bricks and explain the following: The wall of Jerusalem is about 40 feet high and 2.5 miles long! 32:34). Above the Gichon spring she dug a long trench from top to bottom in order to analyse all layers of habitation of the ancient city. Hes smart enough to know that one must have a true & accurate grasp of the facts in order to come up with a successful plan. Although the walls size varies at different points, on average, it stands 40 feet tall and measures 8 feet thick. People didn't just eat what the land nearby yielded; fish bones were found from sea bream and mullet from the Mediterranean Sea and catfish from the river Jordan or Lake Tiberias (Lernau 2015). The city walls and gates that the Babylonians destroyed have never been rebuilt.' Nehemiah was upset. The Persian Empire rose to power, and they overthrew the Babylonians as the world superpower. Why did Nebuchadnezzar destroy Jerusalem? Even today, numerous sections of Hezekiahs wall remain visible. In the foreground the wall that she dated to the Persian period with behind it the small tower. DepartmentBldg Tucson, AZ 85721 TEL 520-621-6897 FAX 520-626-9014. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0). And the king and his men went to Jerusalem against the Jebusites, the inhabitants of the land, who said to David, You will not come in here, but the blind and the lame will ward you offthinking, David cannot come in here. 7 Nevertheless, David took the stronghold of Zion, that is, the city of David. Temple Of Jerusalem - Description, History, Of major importance was the rebuilding of the Second Temple begun by Herod the Great, king (37 bce -4 ce) of Judaea. So the wall was finished on the twenty-fifth day of the month Elul, in fifty-two days. Nehemiah was a servant of God & a servant of Gods people. At our church, we face a similar task but on a smaller scale than the one Nehemiah faced. The wall had been broken down, community had broken down and with everyone thinking about themselves, people worked on their own places but no one was working for the common good. What he encounters is terrifying. Nehemiahs speech to the citizens of Jerusalem is masterful in its simplicity & directness. (between 1000 BC and 901 BC), possibly built by King Solomon, has been revealed in archaeological excavations. The officials did not know where I had gone or what I was doing; I had not yet told the Jews, the priests, the nobles, the officials, & the rest that were to do the work. Nehemiah has a very difficult task to accomplish: rebuilding a ruined city with opposition all around & a frightened, discouraged population, fortunately Nehemiah knows how to lead in a crisis. In some places it is impossible to continue because of the amount of debris on the slope. After the Babylonian captivity and the Persian conquest of Babylonia, Cyrus II of Persia allowed the Jews to return to Judea and rebuild the Temple. 2006. That the order of the buildings in the text is the same as the order `on the ground' is likely but not certain. Despite the detailed description of walls and gates, scholars debate the actual size of the settlement in Persian times and even question whether the walls were really reconstructed. Another problem: if this list includes only the walls around the southeastern hill and the Temple Mount, then nine city gates seem to be an extravaganza for such a small area. M. L. Steiner, `The City of David as a Palimpsest, in L. Niesioowski-Span and E. Pfoh (eds. 3. But did he do it? Nehemiah, a servant of King Artaxerxes, was an Israelite who lived in the Persian city of Shushan. Both I and my family have sinned. There would have had to be some economic and some military activity and so a population more than negligible, so at least some attention to fortifications. Were praying and trusting God in the process and committing ourselves to the common good. Next, we learn about Ezra's trip back to Jerusalem to beautify the temple. Nisan] See note on Nehemiah 1:1.This name only occurs elsewhere in the O.T. This made it necessary to reinforce western Palestine, especially the provinces of Yehud and Samaria and the coastal areas (Carter 1999, 293). Jerusalem lies in ruins, and its gates have been burned down. 1 The words of Nehemiah son of Hacaliah. Josephus, Ant. Only since the end of the 19th century do we know that the town from the Bronze and Iron Ages, roughly the period from 3200 - 600 BC, was built near the only natural spring in the area, the Gichon spring at the foot of the eastern slope of the southeastern hill (Steiner 2014). Chapter 2<br> <br>Translation: Institute for Bible Translation named after M.P. IF WE GET THIS BIBLE HISTORY DAILY, DO WE HAVE TO PAY FOR THAT? How long did it take Nehemiah to rebuild the wall? Many Arabic inscriptions found throughout the Old City record the dates that various gates and sections of the wall were rebuilt. This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 19:52. 3They replied, The survivors there in the province who escaped captivity are in great trouble and shame; the wall of Jerusalem is broken down, and its gates have been destroyed by fire., August 3, 2014 So it was about 22 years after returning to Jerusalem that they finally finished the temple. M. L. Steiner, `One Hundred and Fifty Years of Excavating Jerusalem, in B. Wagemakers (ed. It seems obvious that Nehemiah wanted to restore the walls to make the city habitable again. Upon their reconstruction, much of the southern part of the ancient city, including the City of David, was left outside the new walls. Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005-2007, Jerusalem and New York 2009. Despite evidence of permanent settlement dating back to at least the Early Bronze Age (c. 33002300 B.C.E. Do you know the difference between Noahs Ark & the Titanic? supra. How large was Nehemiahs Jerusalem and how did it function within the Persian empire? In 1535, when Jerusalem was part of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Suleiman I ordered the ruined city walls to be rebuilt. Blessing: Now may you go from this time of worship to serve the God who is ready to forgive, gracious & merciful, slow to anger & abounding in steadfast love. Tisha B'Av: The 9th of Av is observed as a fast day known as Tisha B'Av, which commemorates the destruction of the First and Second Temples in Jerusalem. Virtually any citizen of the ancient world could tick off three reasons why a wall was far more than just a pile of rocks. According to Jewish tradition, as expressed in the Tanakh, Jerusalem remained a Jebusite city until the rise of David, who conquered Jebus, renamed it City of David and started expanding it. The Persian king even gives Nehemiah an armed escort and resources to fulfll the project of the walls. Rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem like so many challenges we face in life, including growing a church, is a two sided problem. Then I arose in the night, I and a few men with me. Hezekiahs Broad Wall Expansion of the Western Hill. Ltd. Facebook Twitter Linkedin Instagram. An inscription in Arabic from the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent states: Has decreed the construction of the wall he who has protected the home of Islam with his might and main and wiped out the tyranny of idols with his power and strength, he whom alone God has enabled to enslave the necks of kings in countries (far and wide) and deservedly acquire the throne of the Caliphate, the Sultan son of the Sultan son of the Sultan son of the Sultan, Suleyman. The wall of Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonians about 586 BC. 1538-1541 - Suleiman the Magnificent Rebuilds the Walls of Jerusalem British Mandate (1917-1948) 1917 - British Capture Jerusalem in World War I Divided City (1948-1967) 1948 - State of Israel Established; Jerusalem Divided By Armistice Lines Between Israel & Jordan Reunification (1967-Present) Agrippa I (r. 4144 CE) later began the construction of the Third Wall, which was completed just at the beginning of the First JewishRoman War. Nehemiah 4:1 . News and Interpretations on the Bible and Ancient Near East History. It went as far as the royal cemetery, . Then they said, Let us start building! So they committed themselves to the common good. Its about restoring a wall, rebuilding a sense of community, & constructing a sense of identity for the people. You see, God is NOT against building walls! This was some 47 years after the temple was finished. the southern kingdom was conquered by the Babylonians, and Solomon's Temple was destroyed. The walls of Jerusalem were once again destroyed during the Crusader conquest of the city in 1099. The identification of Jebus with Jerusalem has been disputed, principally by Niels Peter Lemche. H. Lernau, `Fish Bones, in E. Mazar (ed. Nehemiah 2:11-20, The Man Who Rebuilt Jerusalem By submitting above, you agree to our privacy policy. The church faces a similar challenge. Courtesy Nathan Steinmeyer. In the 16th century, Suleiman decided to rebuild the city walls on much of the remains of the ancient walls that already existed. It was a massive undertaking and measured around 2.5 miles (4 km.) Now this is the account of the forced labor which King Solomon levied to build the house of the Lord, his own house, the Millo, the wall of Jerusalem, Hazor, Megiddo, and Gezer. Then, Artaxerxes I or possibly Darius II allowed Ezra and Nehemiah to return and rebuild the city's walls and to govern Judea, which was ruled as Yehud province under the Persians. First, he describes himself as one of the inhabitants of Jerusalem. All in all, archaeological research has not found any actual Persian fortifications but at most indirect evidence for their construction. Nehemiah is not a professional builder or contractor. Another burial ground was located in the Mamilla area, west of the current Jaffa Gate (Reich 1994). Nehemiah is the kind of leader we need in our nation & in the world today. The Jerusalem that King David conquered from the Jebusites covered only about 12 acres and was defined on three sides by high ridges and deep valleys. The books of Ezra and Nehemiah detail the rebuilding of the Temple, the walls of Jerusalem, and the gates under Zerubbabel, the Governor of Judea. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. Because Nehemiah cared so much for God's people, notice how he reacted to the news . 4:1-14). How many times was the Temple in Jerusalem destroyed and rebuilt? . ), M. L. Steiner, `One Hundred and Fifty Years of Excavating Jerusalem, in B. Wagemakers (ed. 8Remember the word that you commanded your servant Moses, If you are unfaithful, I will scatter you among the peoples; 9but if you return to me and keep my commandments and do them, though your outcasts are under the farthest skies, I will gather them from there and bring them to the place at which I have chosen to establish my name. 10They are your servants and your people, whom you redeemed by your great power and your strong hand. The finds do not disprove my dating of the tower in the Maccabean era. When the moment comes, Nehemiah offers one last brief prayer & shares his desire with the king & its granted. After David died, Solomon built the Temple Mount Platform on Mt. A book about Judah in the Babylonian era is aptly subtitled The Archaeology of Desolation (Faust 2012). Since the project involved the reparation of older constructions, this text gives information about the town at the end of the Iron Age, just before its destruction by the Babylonians in 586 BC, as well. the walls in 586. One of the burial chambers contained, for instance, a silver Greek coin from the end of the 6th century BC, the Early Persian period. (Courtesy Ancient Jerusalem Project). In an individual life, then, the rebuilding of the walls would be a picture of re-establishing the strength of that life. 11O Lord, let your ear be attentive to the prayer of your servant, and to the prayer of your servants who delight in revering your name. It was only late in the Iron Age that the settlement expanded over the western hill. However, the debris only contained pottery from the Babylonian and Early Persian periods. And so Nehemiah travels west to Jerusalem. There was no animal with At the foot of the tower and wall was a thick layer of stony debris containing Babylonian and Persian pottery. After some two centuries without walls, a new set was erected around the city, probably during the reign of Emperor Diocletian, sometime between 289 and the turn of the century. Upon hearing that the wall of Jerusalem was down and destroyed, along with the gates being burned down, Nehemiah cried. Only when Nehemiah knew all the facts did he make his final plans. Later - in Persian times - the temple would have been provisionally restored and Jerusalem would have been a non-walled, largely empty settlement where some priests lived who maintained the temple services. The section of wall, about 230 feet long (70 meters) and 19 feet (6 meters) high, is located in the area known as the Ophel, between the City of David and the southern wall of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. cit. 1km2). . And Jerusalem is a symbol of the city of God, God's dwelling place and the center of life for the world. This expansion also included some additional wall construction on the north side of the city walls. Other than the Tower of David, the city of Jerusalem would remain an open city until its conquest by the Ottoman empire in 1517. During the time of Hezekiah, Jerusalems urban population had grown far outside the old walls of the city and were unprotected. Nebuchadnezzar The walls of Jerusalem had been destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BC. He was available to God & answered the call to lead in a crisis & he did it effectively. ), Ancient Jerusalem Revealed, Jerusalem 1994, 111-118. ), Biblical Narratives, Archaeology and Historicity: Essays In Honour of Thomas L. Thompson, London 2019, 3-10. He is a leader with vision, the ability to tell people the truth, commitment to doing Gods work & getting the job done successfully. Supporting his case, every non-biblical mention of Jerusalem found in the ancient Near East refers to the city as 'Jerusalem'. G. Barkay, Excavations at Ketef Hinnom in Jerusalem, in: In: H. Geva, (ed. These are the same walls that surround Jerusalem today. Recently, the Israeli archaeologist Eilat Mazar conducted excavations on the top of the hill, where she found the so-called `Palace of David' (Mazar 2009; see for a refutation of that interpretation Steiner 2009). INTRODUCTION: Nehemiah means "The Lord Comforts". We will soon discover that Nehemiah has a position of authority in the empire, being the 'cupbearer . Often times our need for faith will increase when were truly aware of the facts of a situation or crisis we are facing. Why so long to rebuild the wall? Arabic inscription inside Lions Gate. The city walls and its fortress provided additional protection. Families and professional groups take on the responsibility for repairing stretches of the wall, while gates are provided with attics, doors, bolts and bars, and towers are rebuilt. Excavations at the Summit of the City of David. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. In this map the walls surround the southeastern hill and the Temple Mount only; it is assumed that other parts of the Late Iron Age city were not reconstructed. Nehemiah 2:1-11. The Old City of Jerusalem is currently divided into the Muslim, Christian, Armenian, and Jewish Quarters. These texts have clearly been written for people who lived in Jerusalem and knew exactly where the constructions mentioned were located, not for later generations not acquainted with the town. (Perhaps it is noteworthy that TAD A.7 makes no mention of where in Yehud Bagavahya was but mentions priests in Jerusalem). km.). The Persian material included a bronze mirror, silver rings, an Egyptian jar made of faience and an Attic jug - all luxury items, probably imported. 8 And David said on that day, Whoever would strike the Jebusites, let him get up the water shaft to attack the lame and the blind, who are hated by David's soul. Therefore, it is said, The blind and the lame shall not come into the house. 9 And David lived in the stronghold and called it the city of David. The whole Babylonian army, under the commander of the imperial guard, broke down the walls around Jerusalem. Noah was not a professional ship builder, but he was motivated by the dark storm clouds overhead & the knowledge that he was building a boat that would carry his loved ones, himself, & his future. How long did it take to rebuild the. He stands before them, knowing what the problems are, but ready to begin the hard work of rebuilding & this encourages & gives hope to the people. Spoiler alert: there are as many opinions as there are scholars, and the archaeological evidence is meagre. These new settlers would consist of descendants of the original exiles, but also of non-Judeans, such as retired Persian soldiers.
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