The neuron shown is a multipolar neurons. Slide NP004N hippocampal region, coronal section, luxol blue View Virtual SlideSlide 13270astrocytes,Gold-stainingView Virtual Slide. The spinal cord contains a butterfly-shaped area of grey matter surrounded by an outer layer of white matter. Many of these astrocytes send out processes that contact and wrap around nearby capillaries, which are also clearly recognizable as tube-shaped segments. For an even more detailed view, an electron microscopy can be used. Download Presentation Histology of Nervous Tissue An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. The white matter contains nerve fibers (axons) entering and exiting the gray matter, and traveling up and down the spinal cord, linking it to the brain. Because information flows through the neuron from dendrites or cell bodies toward the axon, these names are based on the neurons polarity (Figure 2). Correct answer 1. Depending on the number of layers, epithelial tissue is classified into simple (single layered) or stratified (multi-layered). Correct answer 4. The predominant cells visible on the slide are called pyramidal cells (named for their triangular shape). Scattered in the cytoplasm are the characteristic clusters of ribosomes and rough ER termed Nissl bodies or Nissl substanceslide 066aView Image. The cells of Clarke's nucleus then relay this information via axonal projections that extend all the way up into the cerebellum (hence the reason why the cells are so large) where it is processed to allow for coordinated movement. Examine the boundary between molecular and granule cell layers. Type II pneumocytes are also important because they secrete surfactant which prevents the lungs from collapsing. Skeletal muscle consists of long cylindrical-shaped muscle cells with multiple, peripherally located nuclei and a cytoplasm filled with myofibrils. Nervous tissue is made up of just 2 types of cells: Neurons. Some of the proteins help to hold the layers of the glial cell membrane closely together.The appearance of the myelin sheath can be thought of as similar to the pastry wrapped around a hot dog. The membrane wrapped around the fascicle is called an endoneurium and is made of the loose reticular connective tissue. White mater 4. Later in this sequence, you will learn how the hippocampus and dentate gyrus function in what is known as the "limbic system" to integrate inputs from many parts of the nervous system into complicated behaviors such as learning, memory, and social interaction. Your donation will enable us to update all existingSecondLook resources and to transform them into completely free Progressive Web Applications (PWA), including theSecondLookHistology apps. The primary purpose of this article is to evaluate the histology of peripheral nervous tissue. As such, nerves do not contain neural cell bodies. Oligodendrocytes have processes that reach out to multiple axon segments, whereas the entire Schwann cell surrounds just one axon segment. Be sure you identify the white matter in bothluxol blue-stainedslide 076View ImageandTB&E-stained#076bView Imagesections, as it will appear differently in these two stains. Chapter 1 The Cell Chapter 2 Epithelium Chapter 3 Connective Tissue Chapter 4 Muscle Chapter 5 Cartilage and Bone Chapter 6 Nervous Tissue Chapter 7 Peripheral Blood Chapter 8 Hematopoiesis Organ Systems Adjacent to the neuron, note myelinated axons of various sizes and also that there are no spaces between cell processes. In a transverse section of a nerve (Figure 10), single myelinated axons look like little circles organized in bundles called fascicles. Many types of glial cells require special histological stains and cant be unambiguously identified in regular H&E-stained histological slides. As a muscle contracts, its tendon transmits the force to the bone, pulling on it and causing movement in the associated synovial joint. Anaxonic neurons are very small, and if you look through a microscope at the standard resolution used in histology (approximately 400X to 1000X total magnification), you will not be able to distinguish any process specifically as an axon or a dendrite. First, their dendrites are receiving sensory information, sometimes directly from the stimulus itself. Contrast the differences in the histological appearance of a pyramidal cell versus a Purkinje cell. Remember, a nerve is a bundle of axons, running in parallel, in the PNS. A key difference between myelin and the insulation on a wire is that there are gaps in the myelin covering of an axon. It relays sensory input to cerebral cortex. Friday, August 26 The name means cell of a few branches (oligo- = few; dendro- = branches; -cyte = cell). For example, nerves can be classified based on their function. Satellite cells are found in sensory and autonomic ganglia, where they surround the cell bodies of neurons. What is the distinction between the CNS and the PNS? The ovary is actually an organ homologous to the male testis, it gives rise to the gametes (ova) and steroid hormones (estrogen, progesterone). It is made up of gray matter and white matter. Bone tissue is a specialized type of connective tissue that contains cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts), fibers (collagen type I) and mineralized extracellular matrix. behaviors, memories, and movements. Peripheral nerves are analogous with neural tracts of the CNS. The cytoplasm contains specialized subunits called organelles which work like little organs. Please support theSecondLook initiative with a donation to ourMichigan MedicineSecondLook Donation Champaign(link is external). With the exception of the unipolar sensory ganglion cells, and the two specific bipolar cells mentioned above, all other neurons are multipolar. Click on explore at the bottom of the page 3. The nervous system can be organized in several different ways. Diffuse lymphoid tissues and lymphatic nodules are non-encapsulated accumulations of lymphoid tissue found in locations such as the alimentary, respiratory and genitourinary tracts. Histology of Nervous TissueNervous system ppt #2. Identify all four general tissue types Answer: epithelial, connective, muscular & nervous Which of the four basic types is described below: Contains free edge Lines hollow organs Anchored by basement membrane Answer:Epithelial tissue Which of the four basic types is described below: Lack blood vessels, Readily divide Cells are tightly packed Contents Neuron Nerve cell processes Synapses And impulse transmission The neuroglia Myelin sheath 2 3. Nervous tissue. True unipolar cells are only found in invertebrate animals, so the unipolar cells in humans are more appropriately called pseudo-unipolar cells. Pia mater 2. The nucleus and cytoplasm of the Schwann cell are on the edge of the myelin sheath. The axon projects from the dendrite endings, past the cell body in a ganglion, and into the central nervous system. This technique is used for determining the location of specific DNA or RNA sequences in cells or chromosomes, making it useful for various research and diagnostic purposes. The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus, a tuft of fenestrated capillaries which creates an ultrafiltrate of blood. The nasal cavity contains specialized olfactory epithelium, providing the sense of smell. The CNS consists of nervous tissue that is protected within bony structures the brain within the cranium and the spinal cord within the vertebral column. Multiple muscle cells are bound by connective tissue into fascicles, and multiple fascicles join to form a muscle belly. Slide of tissue is followed by slide of tissue with correct answer. Reviewer: The three-dimensional shape of these cells makes the immense numbers of connections within the nervous system possible. The kidneys clear waste products and control plasma pH, electrolytes and extracellular fluid volume. Test yourself on cardiac muscle tissue with the following quiz. The most common technique used is the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. Myelin is lipid-rich, and on gross inspection appears white. The excretory system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Four main groups of tissues Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous tissue. They have rectangular bodies and many dendrite like projections stemming from their shorter sides. This coronal section includes the hippocampus (hippocampus = sea horse), dentate gyrus, and adjacent temporal lobe gyrus (entorhinal cortex). Histology: An overview: want to learn more about it? The first way to classify them is by the number of processes attached to the cell body. The branch of medical science that deals with the. Why are perikarya of dorsal horn neurons smaller than those in the ventral horn? Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver. 10:10 - 12:05 Muscle Tissue ppt | pdf WEEK 2 Monday, August 22. These cells contain contractile filaments (myofibrils) called actin (thin) and myosin (thick). But what makes neurons special is that they have many extensions of their cell membranes, which are generally referred to as processes. They provide support, performing similar functions in the periphery as astrocytes do in the CNSexcept, of course, for establishing the BBB.The second type of glial cell is the Schwann cell, which insulate axons with myelin in the periphery. Do you know why some structures stain blue (basophilic) and others pink (eosinophilic)? Light microscopes (or optical microscopes), use a combination of visible light and lenses to create a magnified image. Available at theiTunes Storeand for Android users at theGoogle Play Store. At one end of the axon are dendrites, and at the other end, the axon forms synaptic connections with a target. Most of the nuclei visible in the granular layer belong to very small neurons, granule cells, which participate in the extensive intercommunication involved in the cerebellums role in balance and coordination. The most used tool today for examining cells, tissues and organs is optic (light) microscopy. Ross, H. M, Pawlina, W. (2011). Unipolar cells are exclusively sensory neurons and have two unique characteristics. Organs work together in systems. The tissues of the nervous system can also be divided into grey matter and white matter. Each gap is called a node of Ranvier and is important to the way that electrical signals travel down the axon. Any of those processes can function as an axon depending on the conditions at any given time. Examine the cross section of the lumbar spinal cord in slide 065-2. It consists of widely separated mesenchymal cells and ground substance with an abundance of hyaluronic acid. Astrocytes - Technically, the junctions between endothelial cells constitute the actual "barrier." All rights reserved. The blood-brain barrier is a physiological barrier that keeps many substances that circulate in the rest of the body from getting into the central nervous system, restricting what can cross from circulating blood into the CNS. They are separated into four categories: muscular, nervous, epithelial and connective. 4. Neurons. Name thefunction of the cell marked by the black arrow. Cerebellar . Typically one or more sulci (infoldings) will extend inward from one edge of the section. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins). These bulbs are what make the connection with the target cell at the synapse. Cardiomyocytes contain actin and myosin filaments just like other muscle cells, but they have some special structural and functional properties. This traps and removes any inhaled dust, bacteria or foregn substances. They return this fluid to the heart, passing it through lymphoid organs. Multipolar neurons are all of the neurons that are not unipolar or bipolar. Deep to the gray matter of the cerebral cortex is the white matter that conveys myelinated fibers between different parts of the cortex and other regions of the CNS. Four of them are found in the CNS and two are found in the PNS. This system delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues, and returns deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart and lungs. Neurons in the dorsal horn are essentially interneurons that project to other regions of the CNS (e.g. Movement on one side of the body is often controlled by nerve impulses originating on the opposite side of the brain. The product is the magnifying power of the objective (4x, 10x, 20x, 40x or 100x) multiplied by the power of the ocular lenses (10x). They have one axon and two or more dendrites (usually many more). There are six types of glial cells. between a tract and a nerve? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Curated learning paths created by our anatomy experts, 1000s of high quality anatomy illustrations and articles. However, the endothelial cells maintain these junctions in response to signals (via foot processes) from ASTROCYTES. View HISTOLOGY OF NERVOUS TISSUE A.ppt from BIO 001 at Holy Angel University. All of these features give muscles the ability to contract and perform various functions, such as movement of the extremities (skeletal muscle), peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract (smooth muscle) and beating of the heart (cardiac muscle). They are responsible for the electrical signals that communicate information about sensations, and that produce movements in response to those stimuli, along with inducing thought processes within the brain. Whereas the manner in which either cell is associated with the axon segment, or segments, that it insulates is different, the means of myelinating an axon segment is mostly the same in the two situations. Unipolar neurons have only one process emerging from the cell body which causes them to appear T-shaped. Copyright Table 2 outlines some common characteristics and functions. Epithelial tissue can cover external surfaces (skin), line the inside of hollow organs (intestines) or form glands. normal functioning and disorders of the nervous. Therefore, the purkinje cell somewhat resembles a shrub or coral in shape. Histology Complete and Basic Tissues. Peripheral ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies surrounded by a dense connective tissue capsule. It is related to both the circulatory system and the immune system. While their origin is not conclusively determined, their function is related to what macrophages do in the rest of the body. The BBB also makes it harder for pharmaceuticals to be developed that can affect the nervous system. These layers of myelin are many times thicker than the diameters of the axons. With one exception, neurons such as this (though not necessarily this large) are found in ALL areas of the nervous system. Human unipolar cells have an axon that emerges from the cell body, but it splits so that the axon can extend along a very long distance. Structure of a Neuron. Both will appear grey to the naked eye and under the microscope, due to their lack of myelin. The material presented details the chemistry, diagnostic application, and staining protocols for special stains used to . Examine the gray matter on each side of the sulcus using first low and then high power. Schwann cells are different than oligodendrocytes, in that a Schwann cell wraps around a portion of only one axon segment and no others. Register now Astrocytes have many processes extending from their main cell body (not axons or dendrites like neurons, just cell extensions). A few other processes provide the same insulation for other axon segments in the area. This preserves it into the same state that it had when it was in the body, and thus, keeps it from degrading. Slides include types of epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissue and is ideal for an anatomy and physiology course. While this barrier protects the CNS from exposure to toxic or pathogenic substances, it also keeps out the cells that could protect the brain and spinal cord from disease and damage. Cells are categorized into various types, all of which perform different functions. the peripheral nerves and peripheral ganglia. Because of this, only specific types of molecules can enter the CNS. Lymph nodes are distributed along lymphatic vessels, filtering lymph as it passes through. They are responsible for the computation and . Using the standard model of neurons, one of these processes is the axon, and the rest are dendrites. In general, the brain is composed of an exterior layer of grey matter covering internal areas of white matter, with another internal layer of grey matter in the deepest part of the brain (called the basal nuclei). The central axons are so thin that they appear as purple dots in the middle of the lighter-colored circles of myelin. Both neurons and glia have fine processes projecting from the cell body, which generally cannot be resolved in the light microscope without special staining techniques. Still deeper is the white matter slide 077 View Image of the cerebellum, which contains nerve fibers, neuroglial cells, small blood vessels, but no neuronal cell bodies. Which are classified as grey matter? Because of the difficulty of discerning each glial cell type by routine light microscopy, you will not be required to identify glial cells in HE-stained sections by light microscopy, but you should be aware of their functions. One is the axon and one the dendrite, forming a straight line. It relays sensory input to cerebellar cortex. EM works by emitting parallel beams of electrons onto the tissue sample. Below the dermis, a layer of subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is found. They also have cilia on their apical surface to help move the CSF through the ventricular space. Neuroglia. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Afferent, efferent, visceral and more. Learn more about the histology of the upper and lower digestive tract. The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. They are electrically active and release chemical signals to target cells. This accounts for the name, based on their appearance under the microscope. The tools for studying histology are becoming more diverse everyday. The accessory genital glands include the prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands. Glial cells, such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells and others, provide support, nourishment, myelination and protection to neurons. The inner edge wraps around the axon, creating several layers, and the other edge closes around the outside so that the axon is completely enclosed.Myelin sheaths can extend for one or two millimeters, depending on the diameter of the axon. These glial cells appear similar to epithelial cells, making a single layer of cells with little intracellular space and tight connections between adjacent cells. (PWA), including the SecondLookHistology apps. Many neurons in the spinal cord may appear shrunken and surrounded by an empty space due to poor fixation. For oligodendrocytes, the rest of the cell is separate from the myelin sheath as a cell process extends back toward the cell body. In contrast, electron microscopes work by emitting parallel beams of electrons onto the sample being observed, resulting in higher resolutions. In the PNS, myelin is produced by Schwann cells, which wrap around the axon. Basic nervous tissue staining mechanisms and classification of nervous tissue elements will be discussed. In these slides you will not be able to discern the amazing dendritic tree that extends from the Purkinje cell bodies into the molecular layer, nor will you be able to see their axons, which extend down through the granular layer into deeper parts of the cerebellum. Most of the respiratory tract is lined by respiratory mucosa; a pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with mucus producing goblet cells. They are highly specialized to transmit nerve impulses. Gray matter is mostly made of neuronal bodies, dendrites and glial cells whereas white matter is made primarily out of myelinated axons. This is because the liver, among many other things, is the major detoxifying machine of the body. Histology - study of tissues Tissue - a collection of similar cells that group together to perform a specialized function. Ongoing research pursues an expanded role that glial cells might play in signaling, but neurons are still considered the basis of this function. Cells that are well preserved show features characteristic of most neurons: large cell body, large pale nucleus, Nissl substance, and cell processes (most of which are dendrites). All of this is surrounded by three connective tissue membranes (meninges): dura, arachnoid and the pia mater. Interstitial cells produce testosterone, a hormone that regulates spermatogenesis. The only freely mobile joints are synovial joints, in which adjacent joint surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage, a soft type of cartilage rich in glycoproteins, proteoglycans and type II collagen. ("1" in the orientation figure) a polymorphic layer containing many nerve fibers and small cell bodies of interneurons, ("2" in the orientation figure) a middle pyramidal cell layer containing hippocampal pyramidal cells. Be able to identify tissues in the nervous system (nerves, cell bodies and ganglia, and white vs. gray matter in the spinal cord, cerebellum, and cerebrum). Histological inspection reveals that each nerve fibre is actually composed of a large number of axons whose cell bodies reside in central or peripheral ganglia, the spinal cord or the brain. Nervous tissue contains two categories of cellsneurons and neuroglia. At a microscopic level, a nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a series of tubules. A unity of tissues with a more complex set of functions, defined by the combination of structure and function of the comprising tissues. It will also benefit the publication of several new topics (Hematology, Pathogen ID, and Gross Anatomy). Two large nerve tracts typically leave the top of the cell body but immediately branch many times to form a large web of nerve fibers. Based on the number of processes, neurons are classified into multipolar, bipolar and unipolar. Bipolar cells have two processes, which extend from each end of the cell body, opposite to each other. This nerve was additionally stained with osmium and the membranes of myelin are visible as dark rings. Tissues join together in different arrangements to form our body organs. The Neuron Special property of irritability & conductivity Nerve cells are capable of receiving the . Neurons of the cerebral cortex are of varying shapes and sizes, but the most obvious arepyramidal cells. thyroid, ovaries, suprarenal) and individual hormone-secreting cells found in many organs of the body (e.g. Next, the tissue is embedded with paraffin wax, which firms the tissue enough permit thin slices. The study of. Mesenchyme gives rise to all types of connective tissue. Body tissues are collections of cells, grouped in the body according to structure and function. Read more. Muscle tissue maintains synthesizing and contractile functions. Thoroughly learn the parts of a cell using our diagrams and cell quizzes! Afferent nerves carry information from sensory organs to the brain, while efferent nerves carry motor impulses from the brain to the muscles.Taking location into account, the nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The skin is both a medium for interaction with the environment and a barrier, protecting us from outside microbes and chemicals, changes in temperature and dehydration. Germinal (spermatogenic) epithelium, with spermatogenic cells and nurse (sertoli) cells, forms the convoluted tubules, while small circular interstitial (Leydig) cells are found in the connective tissue between the tubules. Central Nervous System Connective Tissue Ear Endocrine System Epithelial Tissue Eye Female Reproductive System . The latter constitutes the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES). The glial cell is wrapped around the axon several times with little to no cytoplasm between the glial cell layers. At a histological level, both the heart and blood vessels consist of three layers: The myocardium is formed by striated cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes). Correct answer 2. The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels and lymphoid organs. Vocal cords are housed in the larynx, formed by two folds of mucosa, each containing a supporting ligament (vocalis ligament) and a skeletal muscle (vocalis muscle). You may be able to see subtle differences in the distribution of cell types in rather loosely demarcated layers. The function of myelin will be discussed below. How. The alimentary canal is a tube extending from the mouth to the anus that serves as a channel for food and water to be digested, their nutrients absorbed and indigestible portions excreted. Aside from finding efficacious substances, the means of delivery is also crucial. They can be classified as sensory or autonomic. Neuronal processes form connections (synapses) with each other and with other cell types, in order to exchange electrical signals. as white matter? Continue your learning with these resources. All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. Like the spleen and lymph nodes, the immune cells in this tissue can mount an immune response against foreign invading material. There are two types of EM: transmission electron microscopy, which requires very thin sections of tissue, and scanning electron microscopy, which uses larger pieces of tissue and produces 3-dimensional images. 2. Much like the male, the female reproductive system is also designed for reproduction and sexual pleasure. adipose tissue, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system). Peripheral nerves are bundles of myelinated nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in connective tissue (endo-, peri- and epi- neurium). system is called neurology. 1:00 - 2:55 Cartilage and Bone ppt | pdf | lecture recording. Nervous tissue is made of cells (neurons and glial cells) and extracellular matrix. When responding to a foreign threat, immune system cells can activate non-specific inflammation or progress to a specific immune response. Histology of Nervous Tissue PROF. DR. FAUZIAH OTHMAN DEPT OF HUMAN ANATOMY 2 Feature of nerves tissue Type of cell neuron neuroglia General feature of neuron Type of neuroglia astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, ependymal cell, microglia Synapses Myelin formation function General structure of peripheral nerves Ganglia dorsal root ganglia autonomic ganglia The cells are laid down on top of dense irregular connective tissue, the basement membrane (BM). Within the medulla, most axons will cross over to the opposite hemisphere of the brain from which they originated a process called decussation and then continue within the white matter of the spinal cord, before synapsing with interneurons and lower motor neurons, in the grey matter of the spinal cord. At the end of the axon is the axon terminal, where there are usually several branches extending toward the target cell, each of which ends in an enlargement called a synaptic end bulb. Primarily, the PNS is made up of the axons of neurons whose cell bodies are located within the CNS (within the brain for cranial nerves and the spinal cord for peripheral nerves yet another way to divide the nervous system based on location). NERVOUS TISSUE Nervous tissue consists of two groups of cell types: Nerve cells (Neurons) Neuroglia. All of these components work together to provide movement to the body. The tissue is sectioned thinly enough so that light can pass through it. Based on their functional properties, these are described as either voluntary (skeletal) or involuntary (cardiac and smooth muscle). Within the axon hillock, the cytoplasm changes to a solution of limited components called axoplasm. It is this myelin, a lipid-rich sheath covering axons, that causes white matter to be lighter in color than grey matter. Gordana Sendi MD T and B lymphocytes are born and raised in the thymus and bone marrow, respectively. Use the virtual slide of the hippocampal region to study the ependymal cell lining of the choroid plexus. Nails are plates of proliferating keratinized cells that, similar to hair, contain hard keratin. At low magnification, differentiate inner gray from outer white matter and identify dorsal and ventral horns of the gray matter. Examine the layered organization of the cerebral cortex usingslide 76stained withluxol blue/cresyl violet[orientation](which stains white matter tracts and cell bodies) ortoluidine blue and eosin[orientation](TB&E, toluidine blue stains the nuclei and RER of cells whereas eosin stains membranes and axon tracts). Histologically, although there are a few exceptions, endocrine cells generally have an epithelial origin. It monitors and regulates the functions of the body. Lateral to this structure is the tail of the caudate. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Nervous or the nerve tissue is the main tissue of our nervous system. Based on morphology, epithelial cells can be either squamous (flat), cuboid (cube) or columnar (rectangular). They are stabilized by ligaments, flexible fibrous bands made of dense regular connective tissue. The cells of the genital ducts and glands produce secretions to support this process. Electron microscopy (EM) is a more modern form of microscopy that provides a much higher magnification and high resolution images.
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