In addition, Britain's efforts at a military solution had already resulted in a powerful peace movement, which demanded an end to the unrest in Ireland. He complained that he was being manipulated into "doing Churchill's dirty work", in a potential civil war with his own former troops. In early 1922, there were clashes along the new border between the IRA on the Southern side and Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) on the Northern side, as well as a resurgence of sectarian violence in Belfast. In 2007, RT produced a documentary entitled Get Collins, about the intelligence war which took place in Dublin.[143][144]. 3pm Shooting yesterday afternoon in Takoma, instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser, Logan Hardware celebrates its 20th anniversary with a block party March 12!. [134], The Central Bank of Ireland released gold and silver commemorative coins on 15 August 2012 which feature a portrait of Michael Collins designed by Thomas Ryan based on a photograph taken not long before his death. Collins was elected to a seat in Armagh, demonstrating popular support for the republican movement. At conservative gathering, Trump is still the favourite. The Requiem service was held in the cemeterys mortuary chapel. Soon after his release Mrs. Clarke appointed Collins Secretary to the National Aid and Volunteers Dependents Fund and subsequently passed on to him the secret organisational information and contacts which she had held in trust for the independence movement. Collins and his close associate, Teachta Dla (TD) Harry Boland were among those who worked desperately to heal the rift. Fr. Under the Treaty, the Free State was obliged to submit its new Constitution to Westminster for approval. Updated in August 2022. Cooney, John OConnell, and eight riflemen, Gough, Barry, Carmody, Coote, Edmunds, Murray, Caine, and McKenna. Preceded in death by his parents, Erwin and Clara Sider. He was 90. This event became known as Bloody Sunday. Sen (Paddy) OConnell, Capt. While financially successful, grave political conflicts followed in de Valera's wake there which threatened the unity of Irish-American support for the rebels. However, Michel Hopkinson writes that 'there is no evidence that there was any prospect of a meeting between de Valera and Collins. Collins hoped the offensive would undermine the Northern Ireland government and unite the pro- and anti-treaty IRA in a shared goal. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Collins was born in Woodfield, Sam's Cross, near Rosscarbery, County Cork, on 16 October 1890,[3][note 1] the third son and youngest of eight children. He had refused the delegates' continual requests for instruction, and in fact had been at the centre of the original decision to enter negotiations without the possibility of an independent republic on the table. Michael John Collins <p>Collins, Michael J. , age 72, of Excelsior passed away September 20, 2022. A replica of a wedge tomb created by Leach Neill near Bal na Bl is a life-size replica of Michael Collins memorial. "We want to avoid any possible unnecessary destruction and loss of life. The ambush party remained in place all day, but there was no action. [24][pageneeded] He enjoyed rough-housing and outdoor sports. In the early morning of Tuesday, August 22, the ambush party met in Longs Pub (owned by Denis Denny the Dane Long, the lookout who spotted Collinss party as it passed through Bal na mBlth). He moved to London in 1906 to become a clerk in the Post Office Savings Bank at Blythe House. I signed it because I would not be one of those to commit the Irish people to war without the Irish people committing themselves to war. The driver was Private Michael Smith Corry and the reserve driver was M. Quinn. In August 1922, it seemed as though the Civil War was winding down. After a hiatus from civilian life, he enlisted in the newly formed Irish Free State Army in 1922. There remains uncertainty as to the two sides' capability to have carried on the conflict much longer. Collins strongly opposed partition, but he was ambiguous about his policy for undoing it. [116] He also prorogued the meeting of the Dail until the end of hostilities, a move that historians such as John Regan have seen as an unconstitutional concentration of power in Collins himself and his military colleagues. At the time of writing the script, the Troubles had just begun in Northern Ireland and the BBC were reluctant to broadcast the production. [120] The People's Rights Association, a local initiative in Cork City, had been mediating a discussion of terms between the Provisional Government and the anti-Treaty side for some weeks. The negotiations eventually led to the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which saw the establishment of the Irish Free State and the partition of Ireland into North and South. Collins' great-grandnephew, Aengus O'Malley, played a student in a scene filmed in Marsh's Library. But Prof Marie Coleman, professor of 20th Century Irish history at Queen's University, Belfast, does not believe this would have been any different had Collins not been killed. In doing so, he joined the group that was transferred to Frongoch internment camp in Wales, a movement that historian Tim Pat Coogan describes as "one of the luckiest escapes of his life. ISBN 978-1-85182-559-2 While in Germany in 1921 Briscoe purchased a small tug boat named Frieda to be used in transporting guns and ammunition to Ireland. )[24][pageneeded] Griffith's organisation Sinn Fin had been founded in 1905 as an umbrella group to unify all the various factions within the nationalist movement. Negotiations to prevent civil war resulted in, among others, "The Army Document" published in May 1922 which was signed by an equal number of pro- and anti-Treaty IRA officers including Collins, Dan Breen, and Gearid O'Sullivan. She traveled alone.. Sinn Fin, the Dil, the IRB and the army each divided into pro- and anti-Treaty factions. In many regions, the RIC and other crown forces became all but confined to the strongest barracks in the larger towns as rural areas came increasingly under rebel control. This ambush is considered the first action in the Irish War of Independence. The romantic hero in the film, according to Gleeson, is JFK. Twill soon be over was Collinss parting salute to Hales. Collins died intestate, leaving an estate of 1,950.9s.11d, which passed to his brother Johnny. The Dil debated the Treaty bitterly for ten days until it was approved by a vote of 64 to 57. [35][pageneeded][44][pageneeded], These republican victories would have been impossible without widespread support from the Irish population, which included every level of society and reached deep into the British administration in Ireland. Killed by an English bullet from the rifle of the foe. The IRA was founded in 1919 by Frank Aiken, Andrew Cooney, and Moss Twomey, who then went on to found Fianna Fil. The 2016 miniseries, Rebellion, focused on the 1916 Easter Rising. The Treaty was signed by me, not because they held up the alternative of immediate war. He leaves behind Rhonda, his wife of 27 years, his children Rikki and From across the Liffey River, the Dead March from Handels Saul produced the most thrilling effect on the brass and drums. [73][74], While the country teetered on the edge of civil war, continuous meetings were carried on among the various factions from January to June 1922. If that fails, the treaty can go to hell and we will all start again". Dalton said then he heard the faint cry Emmet, Im hit. Dalton and Commandant Sen OConnell ran over to where Collins was lying face-down on the road and found a fearful gaping wound at the base of his skull behind the right ear. As the vessel sailed down-channel from Cork, it passed the assembled remaining British vessels, upon the decks of which the British sailors mustered, saluted, and the Last Post played. The cemetery is located in the citys north-eastern section. They signed an agreement declaring peace in the North, which promised cooperation between Catholics and Protestants in policing and security, and a generous budget for restoring Catholics to homes which had been destroyed. Can Nigeria's election result be overturned? He admired Collins but evidently continued to be ignorant of the ideals that had driven and permanently separated the two men: He was an Irish patriot, true and fearless. There, again, he met Hales, who was the brother of Tom Hales, by coincidence a member of the ambush party. The convoy then headed through Mallow and spent that night in Cork City, where he stayed at the military HQ in the Imperial Hotel. Some men stayed all day, others came and went as the day went on. OConnell, Sgt. He began hatching plans for "next time" even before the prison ships left Dublin. Daniel OConnell, Charles Stewart Parnell, and Eamon de Valera are among the Irish titans buried there. Michael Collins and General Mulcahy leading the GHQ Staff at the funeral of Arthur Griffith on August 12, 1922. A century on, there remains a huge interest in "the Big Fella", his role in Irish independence and his enduring legacy. [citation needed], No state gave diplomatic recognition to the Irish Republic, despite sustained lobbying in Washington by de Valera and prominent Irish-Americans and at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. His funeral mass took place at Dublin's St Mary's Pro-Cathedral where a number of foreign and Irish dignitaries were in attendance. It is with great sadness that we announce the death of Michael T. Collins (Blackwood, New Jersey), who passed away on January 20, 2023, at the age of 53, leaving to mourn family and friends. Under Griffith's policy, Collins and other advocates of the "physical-force" approach to independence gained the cooperation of Sinn Fin, while agreeing to disagree with Griffith's moderate ideas of a dual monarchy solution based on the Hungarian model. Michael John Collins <p>Collins, Michael J. , age 72, of Excelsior passed away September 20, 2022. [76] Protestant loyalists attacked the Catholic community in retaliation for IRA actions. At first the group took cover behind a low grass bank bordering the road, but Collins then jumped up and ran back along the road to begin firing with his Lee Enfield rifle from behind the armoured car. Deborah Jean Collins Obituary. He and Dalton then traveled the thirty miles to Macroom where Collins met Florence ODonoghue, who was in the IRA and was one of its leaders in County Cork in the War of Independence, but who was neutral in the Civil War. [24][pageneeded][75][pageneeded], To foster military unity, Collins and the IRB established an "army re-unification committee", including delegates from pro- and anti-Treaty factions. 2), the Slievenamon. Collins was the subject of director Neil Jordan's 1996 film Michael Collins, with Liam Neeson in the title role. Something which she has wanted these past 700 years. The debate concerning Collins' involvement continued in the 1950s, when a number of statements and rebuttals on the subject were published in periodicals. Under a bicameral parliament, executive authority would remain vested in the king, represented in Ireland by a Governor General, but exercised by an Irish government elected by Dil ireann as a "lower house". ", This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 09:02. "People are fascinated by the fact he died the way he did," he says. Officially or unofficially, many of these groups were given a free hand to institute a reign of terror, shooting Irish people indiscriminately, invading homes, looting and burning. [24][pageneeded] He could be abrasive, demanding, and inconsiderate of those around him, but frequently made up for it with gestures such as confectionery and other small gifts. The Irish War of Independence in effect began on the day that the First Dil convened, 21 January 1919. A photograph of Michael Collins (RollingNews.ie). The legislature's support for the armed struggle soon after became official, with the Dil ratifying the IRA's claim to be the army of the Irish Republic. We were in possession of the principal towns in County Cork. Collins became one of the leading figures in the post-Rising independence movement spearheaded by Arthur Griffith, editor/publisher of the main nationalist newspaper The United Irishman, (which Collins had read avidly as a boy. [93][pageneeded], The meetings with Lloyd George and Churchill were bitter and contentious. Dalton asked where was the priests house? He had a long history as one of the chief British leaders opposing Collins in the Irish conflict. Liam Deasy spoke with de Valera the night before and de Valeras position was that having made their protest in arms, and as they could not now hope to achieve a military success, the honorable course was for the IRA/Republicans to withdraw. In a departure from his usual role, de Valera adamantly declined to attend, insisting instead that Collins should take his place there, along with Arthur Griffith. This pact agreed that new elections to the Dil would be held with each candidate running as explicitly pro- or anti-Treaty and that, regardless of which side obtained a majority, the two factions would then join to form a coalition government of national unity. Whether or not Lloyd George welcomed such advisors, he could no longer hold out against this tide. I went to take the warming air, all in the Mouth of Flowers. But now he had no hatred of England., Brendan Behans mother, Kathleen, nicknamed Michael Collins her Laughing Boy. She and her first husband had both served in the Rising. The Irish Volunteers were created in the same year by nationalists in response to the formation of the Ulster Volunteers (UVF), an Ulster loyalist body pledged to oppose Home Rule by force. It was quite obvious to me, with the experience I had of a ricochet bullet, it could only have been a ricochet or a dum-dum., Michael Collins at the Curragh Barracks in Co Kildare with Col Dunphy, Major General Emmet Dalton, Comdt-Gen P MacMahon, and Comdt-Gen D O'Hegarty in July 1922 (Getty Images). The Dignity Memorial brand name is used to identify a network of licensed funeral, cremation and cemetery providers that include affiliates of Service Corporation International, 1929 Allen Parkway, Houston, Texas. Michael Collins laying in state after his death (Getty Images). William Michael Short, age 98, having lived a full and fruitful life, passed away peacefully in his home on February 23, 2023, after a short illness. The London Daily Sketch editorialized: The hand that struck down Collins, guided by a blinded patriotism, has aimed a blow at the unity of Ireland for which every one of her sons is fighting. Robert Briscoe, an Irish Jew was sent by Collins to Germany in 1919 to be the chief agent for procuring arms for the IRA. His coffin was draped in the Irish tricolor and his funeral cortege was followed by a guard of honor from the Irish Army. Collins was probably the most skilled artisan of the fabric of a happier Ireland. "[128], Collins' elderly father, who was 75 when his youngest child was born, inspired his fondness and respect for older people. [131], Collins was a complex man whose character abounded in contradictions. Glasnevin Cemetery is one of Dublins most famous and significant cemeteries. The Rising was put down after six days, but the insurgents achieved their goal of holding their positions for the minimum time required to justify a claim to independence under international criteria. An estimated 500,000 people lined Sackville Street (OConnell Street today) in Dublins city center to pay tribute to The Big Fellow, a hero in the fight for Irish independence and a man who worked hard for the benefit of Ireland in the establishment of the Irish Free State. The original 9-acre plot of land has since grown to 124 acres, making it the largest cemetery in the country. Deasy explained that there were over a thousand men in the area and they would not agree to an unconditional ceasefire. To be so installed he had to formally meet the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland Viscount FitzAlan the head of the British administration in Ireland. The men who assembled at Bal na mBlth were not a column, but officers trained in guerrilla warfare who gathered to hold a pre-arranged important staff meeting. A made-for-TV film, The Treaty, was produced in 1991 and starred Brendan Gleeson as Collins and Ian Bannen as David Lloyd George. 'Gunman believed to have killed Michael Collins was granted a military pension', Michael Collins field diary, 22 August 1922, Kennerk, Barry and Alison Healy, Evidence of an Irish Politician's Scruples on Expensesin 1922 in, Collins, Michael (Costello, Francis J., Ed.). She was a calm but pathetic figure. Joe Ahern recited the funeral prayers. [24][pageneeded][56][pageneeded], During this Truce period, de Valera sued for official designation as President of the Irish Republic and obtained it from the Dil in August 1921, in place of the title which had previously been used of President of Dil ireann. )[60][pageneeded] The Cabinet of seven split on the issue, with de Valera casting the deciding vote. In the 1960s, Taoiseach Sen Lemass, himself a veteran of the 1916 Rising and War of Independence, credited Collins' ideas as the basis for his successes in revitalizing Ireland's economy. Yes, that Michael Collins., From Arlington National Cemetery yesterday: Earlier today, modified military funeral honors with funeral escort were conducted for US Air Force Maj. Gen. Michael Collins in Section 51, a fighter pilot and NASA astronaut who flew on the Gemini 10 and Apollo 11 missions., From an email: On March 12, 3-6 p.m., Logan Hardware, at 1734 14th Street NW, is throwing a block party to celebrate 20 years of doing business in DCs historic, Thanks to Kate for sending this beauty. Newspaper clippings about Michael Collins, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)&oldid=1142246618, Irish Republican Army (19191922) members, Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 19211925, Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland for County Armagh constituencies, Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Cork constituencies (18011922), People of the Irish Civil War (Pro-Treaty side), Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2018, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking page references from August 2020, All Wikipedia articles written in Hiberno-English, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2020, Articles with incomplete citations from February 2020, Articles with incomplete citations from July 2020, Articles needing additional references from January 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing additional references from November 2021, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Regan, John M. "Irish public histories as an historiographical problem. He joined the Irish Volunteers in 1913 and took part in the Easter Rising of 1916. [18] In 1915 he moved to work in the Guaranty Trust Company of New York where he remained until his return to Ireland the following year joining part-time Craig Gardiner & Co,[19] a firm of accountants in Dawson Street, Dublin.[20]. Below, you can see British Pathnewsreels of the funeral of Michael Collins in Dublin in 1922: * Originally published in 2015. As they approached Cork City they stopped at the Sacred Heart Mission at Victoria Cross. "I say that rejection of the Treaty is a declaration of war until you have beaten the British Empire, apart from any alternative document. All Rights Reserved. Thousands line O'Connell St (then known as Sackville St) for Michael Collins' funeral. The ambush was over in approximately thirty minutes, and before it ended, darkness had fallen so it was impossible to get off an aimed shot. The first official executions were carried out in November 1922 and they continued until May 1923. Numerous questions remain about the events surrounding the death of Collins because the only witnesses to his death were the members of the Free State Army convoy and the anti-Treaty ambushers. His grave is located in Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin, Ireland. [107] Peter Hart similarly writes, 'it was Griffith rather than Collins who took the lead in this decision'. EXPLORE OUR ONLINE CHANNEL, BRITISH PATH TV. Collins was buried in his hometown of Clonakilty in County Cork. Several shots of the crowd and the procession. The Funeral of Michael Collins (excellent quality) - YouTube On August 22nd, 1922, Collins journeyed to County Cork. 91, Dermot Keogh, Michael Collins, the making of the Irish Free State, (2006) p.67-68, Hopkinson, Green against Green, p. 177-178. [49][50], Still, it was not the British government that initiated negotiations. However, when the Irish Civil War started in June 1922, O'Neill joined the Anti-Treaty IRA. Then, Collins ran about fifteen yards up the road, dropped into a prone firing position, and continued shooting at the IRA/anti-Treatyites on the hill. [en] Vital records: Michael Collins at +Archives . Getting directions there, they knocked on the door and the curate, Fr. They commandeered his cart and took off one of the wheels, blocking the road. "In his mind the treaty was just the beginning.". . Some members of the IRB also objected to the use of the presidential title because their organisation's constitution had a different definition of that title. Situated in a restored Georgian House on Emmet Square, where Collins once lived, the museum, tells the life story of Collins through guided tours, interactive displays, audiovisuals and historical artefacts. "He showed nothing between June and August 1922 to suggest that he would have been any softer on the republican side than Richard Mulcahy was after him.". It was performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 1996. The most reliable evidence indicates when de Valera went to Longs Pub he also tried to prevent the ambush but was rebuffed by the IRA/Republicans. His plan to travel to his native Cork on 20 August was considered particularly dangerous, and he was strenuously advised against it by several trusted associates. Much of O'Connell Street suffered heavy damage; the Gresham Hotel was burned and the Four Courts reduced to a ruin. Griffith had no desire or capacity to dispute the day to day conduct of government with him and while Mulcahy had great administrative capacity, he deferred to Collins as a strategist and thinker'. Michael Collins (Irish: Mchel Coilein;[1] 16 October 1890 22 August 1922) was an Irish revolutionary, soldier and politician who was a leading figure in the early-20th century struggle for Irish independence. [17] He joined the London GAA and, through this, the IRB. Along with an independent judiciary, the Treaty granted the new Free State greater independence than any Irish state, and went well beyond the Home Rule which had been sought by Charles Stewart Parnell or by his Irish Parliamentary Party successors John Redmond and John Dillon. "Ginger" O'Connell, a Free State general, and held him in the Four Courts. Collins appeared as a background character, taking part in the uprising, played by Sebastian Thommen. In Dublin, Collinss remains were taken to St. Vincents Hospital where Dr. Oliver St John Gogarty embalmed the body and had Sir John Lavery paint Collinss portrait. The Treaty was signed under considerable pressure from the British. He was able to let himself go, and also I think he felt things were now moving his way. [26], Before the new body's first meeting, Collins, tipped off by his network of spies, warned his colleagues of plans to arrest all its members in overnight raids. Ah, cure the times and sad the loss my heart to crucify. When Florence ODonoghue met with the surviving members of the IRA/Republicans in 1964, they said they were unaware that Collins was in the area until that morning. The next phase in the life of the Free State is veiled by the tragedy of the present. By October 1917 Collins had risen to become a member of the executive of Sinn Fin and director of organisation for the Irish Volunteers. There he fought alongside Patrick Pearse, James Connolly, and other members of the Rising leadership. No darkness in the hour: loss of comrades will daunt you in it. Michael Collins was commander-in-chief of the Irish Free State army when he was killed, Michael Collins' body lay in state before his funeral, Prof Marie Coleman doubts that Collins' death changed the course of the Civil War, Thousands to attend Michael Collins commemoration, Lock of Michael Collins' hair to be auctioned, the Irish Free State but within the British Empire and, Harry: I always felt different to rest of family, US-made cheese can be called 'gruyere' - court, The children left behind in Cuba's exodus, AOC under investigation for Met Gala dress, Canadian grandma helps police snag phone scammer. On 7 April 1919, Eamon Broy smuggled Collins into G Division's archives in Great Brunswick Street, enabling him to identify "G-Men", six of whom would be killed by the IRA. There are various clergymen in the background. Individual English activists, including clergy, made private overtures which reached Arthur Griffith. . L/S of pallbearers walking down steps with coffin of General Michael Collins. During his screening, Collins was identified as someone who should be selected for further interrogation, harsher treatment, or execution. Michael T. Collins Obituary. On that date, an ambush party of IRA Volunteers from the 3rd Tipperary Brigade including Sumas Robinson, Dan Breen, Sen Treacy and Sen Hogan, attacked a pair of Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) men who were escorting a consignment of gelignite to a quarry in Soloheadbeg, County Tipperary. It is with great sadness that we announce the death of Deborah Jean Collins of Millbrook, Alabama, born in Montgomery, Alabama, who passed away on February 26, 2023, at the age of 60, leaving to mourn family and friends. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, Collins family in the 1901 Irish census, Michael aged 10. Mike was born in Albany to J The music of the mass was mostly Gregorian, and the Requiem Mass was written by Nikel. He said The British have given up their claim on us. In de Valera's absence, Cathal Brugha was elected Promh Aire ('First' or 'Prime' Minister but often translated as 'President of Dil ireann'). During July, the IRA collected 120,000 in customs revenue and had hidden this money in the accounts of sympathizers. Before his death, Tom Clarke, first signatory of the 1916 Proclamation and widely considered the Rising's foremost organiser, had designated his wife Kathleen Clarke as the official caretaker of Rising official business, in the event that the leadership did not survive. This was a compromise, half-way between an independent republic and a province of the Empire. Said by Collins on 16 January 1922 when arriving at Dublin Castle for the handover by British forces after being told that he was seven minutes late. West Cork has a long and rich history, from the Bronze Age to the Civil War era. Irish revolutionary and politician (18901922), Collins' body laid out at Shanakiel Hospital in Cork, A replica of the Crossley Tender in Collins' convoy on a replica of the road where it happened, The Irish Revolution, 1912-1923, p.94, Pat McCarthy, Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2015, ISBN 978-1-84682-410-4, O'Reilly, Terence, Rebel Heart: George Lennon Flying Column Commander, p164, Mercier 2009, ISBN 1-85635-649-3, Cabinet Office, (Westminster government) London, Michael Collins, quoted by columnist CW Ackerman August 1920, De Valera, Eamonn, correspondence to Michael Collins, 13 July 1921, Frank Pakenham, Peace by Ordeal, (1972) p.245-247, Ronan, Fanning, The Fatal Path, British Government and Irish Revolution 19101922, p288, Liam Weeks, Michael O Fatharthaigh, The Treaty, p.279, Frank Pakenham, Peace by Ordeal, (1972), p209-211, Provisional Government minutes, Public Records Office, Dublin, MC official correspondence, 5 and 10 April 1922, Michael Collins letter to Churchill 6 June 1922, British Cabinet minutes 16/42 Public Records Office, London, Michael Collins Winston Churchill correspondence June 1922, Michael Hopkinson, Green Against Green, The Irish Civil War,(2004) p.114, Michael Hopkinson, Green Against Green, The Irish Civil War,(2004) p.115, Sean Boyne, Emmet Dalton, Somme Soldier, Irish General, Film Pioneer p.138, Charles Townshend, The Republic, The Fight for Irish Independence (2013), p.406, Charles Townshend, The Republic, The Fight for Irish Independence (2013), p.407, Peter Hart, Mick, The Real Michael Collins, p.398, Charles Townshend, The Republic, The Fight for Irish Independence (2013), p.423, John Regan, Myth and the Irish State (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2013), pp.
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